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Effect of secondary motor and cognitive tasks on timed up and go test in older adults
Table of Contents
Abstract
Acknowledgements
Table of Contents
List of Tables
List of Figures
1 Introduction
1.1 Background
1.2 Definition of old age and falls
1.3 Aging and changes associated with it
1.3.1 Physical Changes
1.3.1.1 Changes in gait
1.3.2 Social changes
1.3.3 Cognitive changes
1.4 Falls and aging
1.4.1 Falls
1.4.2 Definition of falls for our research purpose
1.4.3 Incidence of falls
1.4.4 Fall prevention approach
1.5 Dual/multi-tasking paradigm
1.6 Research significance
1.7 Statement of purpose
1.8 Hypotheses
2 Literature Review
2.1 Introduction
2.2 Balance control system
2.2.1 Posture, balance and its subsystems
2.2.1.1 Aging effects on the sensory system
2.2.1.1.1 Proprioception and aging
2.2.1.1.2 Vision and aging
2.2.1.1.3 Vestibular system and aging
2.2.1.2 Central nervous system and aging
2.2.1.3 Musculoskeletal system and aging
2.2.1.4 Integration of the different subsets of balance control system and aging
2.3 Attention
2.3.1 Is gait automatic?
2.3.2 Defining attention
2.3.2.1 Executive function (EF)
2.3.2.1.1 The normal anatomy and physiology of executive function
2.3.2.2 Executive function, gait and falls
2.4 Dual task paradigm
2.4.1 Dual task performance and falls
2.4.2 Dual task performance in healthy young and older adult population
2.4.3 Dual task performance in balance impaired older adult population
2.4.4 Dual task performance and training effects in healthy young, older adults and balance impaired population
2.4.5 Dual task assessment protocols
2.4.5.1 Timed up and go test (TUG)
2.4.5.2 Center of mass measure (COM)
2.5 Conclusions
3 Methodology
3.1 Participants
3.2 Testing protocol
3.2.1 Administering the TUG and MMSE tests and collecting anthropometric data
3.2.2 Data collection
3.3 Instrumentation
3.3.1 Video data
3.2.2 Reflective marker placement
3.2.3 Force data
3.2.2 Cognitive task
3.4 Statistical analysis
3.4.1 Dependent variables
3.4.2 Independent variables
3.4.3 Statistical tests
4 Results
4.1 Subject description
4.2 Temporal-spatial parameters
4.2.1 Duration of task
4.2.2 Gait speed
4.2.3 Cadence
4.2.4 Stride length
4.2.5 Step width
4.2.6 Double support time
4.2.7 Swing time
4.3 Kinetic-kinematic parameters
4.3.1 Total COM excursion in the frontal plane
4.3.2 Peak GRF in the frontal plane
4.3.3 Mean COM velocity in the frontal plane
4.4 Cognitive parameters
4.4.1 Response accuracy
4.4.2 Response timing
5 Discussion
5.1 Introduction
5.2 Evidence in support of hypothesis 1
5.2.1 Temporal-spatial parameters
5.2.2 Conclusion
5.3 Evidence in support of hypotheses 2 and 3
5.3.1 Total COM displacement and velocity
5.3.2 Peak GRF in the frontal plane
5.3.3 Conclusion
5.4 Evidence in support of hypothesis 4
5.4.1 Response accuracy and response timing
5.4.2 Conclusion
5.5 Overall conclusions of the study
5.6 Limitations of the study
5.7 Future work
References
Appendices
A. IRB approved subject recruitment flyer
B. Informed consent sheet
C. Data collection sheet Bài viết liên quan
