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Evaluation of conventional and alternative sanitation technologies using the life cycle assessment approach
Table of Contents
Abstract
Acknowledgements
Table of Contents
List of Tables
List of Figures
1 Introduction
1.1 Introduction
1.2 Research questions
1.3 Research objectives:
1.4 Overview of following chapters:
2 Understanding the Energy Intensity of Production of Potable Water and Treatment of Wastewater
2.1 Introduction
2.1.1 Energy use of urban water infrastructure:
2.1.2. Life cycle assessment approach for evaluation of urban water system
2.1.3. Life cycle assessment methodology
2.1.4. Life cycle assessment of water and wastewater infrastructures:
2.1.5. Objective
2.2. Methods/ Approach
2.2.1. Data collection
2.3. Results:
2.3.1. Energy requirements of different life cycle phases in the water industry
2.3.2. Energy use per L of water and wastewater treated
2.3.3. Factors affecting calculated energy demand per volume
2.3.3.1 System boundaries
2.3.3.2 Data Sources
2.3.3.3 Type of LCA
2.3.4. Size of the treatment plant:
2.4. Conclusions
3 Environmental and economic performance of conventional and alternative sanitation technologies
3A Environmental and economic performance of conventional and alternative sanitation technologies
3A.1 Literature Review
3A.1.1 Current sanitation system:
3A.1.2 Alternative sanitation technologies:
3A.1.3 Evaluation of alternative sanitation technologies:
3A.2 Objective 3A
3A.3 Hypothesis 3A
3A.4 Methods
3A.4.1 Building description
3A.4.2 Scenarios considered
3A.4.3 Life cycle assessment method
3A.4.4 Potable water demand and wastewater volume estimation
3A.4.5 Life cycle inventory of the manufacturing phase
3A.4.6 Life cycle inventory of the operation phase
3A.4.7 Payback period calculation
3A.5 Results and discussion
3A.5.1 Manufacturing and operation costs
3A.5.2 Energy use
3A.5.3 Carbon emissions
3A.5.4 Energy and carbon implications of minor components
3A.5.5 Effect of disinfecting the rainwater
3A.5.6 Energy and carbon comparison of sanitation and other building services.
3A.5.7 Reducing carbon footprint by recycling programs
3A.6 Conclusions
3B Environmental and economic performance of conventional and alternative sanitation technologies
3B.1 Introduction
3B.2 Objective 3B
3B.3 Hypothesis
3B.4 Methods:
3B.4.1 System description
3B.4.2 LCA data
3B.4.2.1 Manufacturing phase
3B.4.2.2 Operational phase data
3B.5 Results and Discussion
3B.5.1 Energy use and emissions
3B.5.2 Data issues
3B.6 Conclusions
4 Assessment of dry composting toilets in urban areas
4A Composting toilets as a sustainable alternative to urban sanitation
4A.1 Introduction
4A.2. Objective
4A.3 Types of sanitation technologies
4A.4 Composting toilet systems
4A.4.1 Evolution of composting toilets:
4A.4.2 Types of composting toilets
4A.4.3 Commercially available toilets
4A.5 Choosing a composting toilet system
4A.5.1 Aeration
4A.5.2 Moisture content
4A.5.3 Temperature
4A.5.4 Carbon and nitrogen content and nutrient balance (C/N ratio)
4A.5.5 pH
4A.5.6 Particle size and porosity
4A.5.7 Compost safety and application to plants
4A.6 Mathematical modeling of compost process
4A.7 Design of composting toilets
4A.8 Guidelines and regulations for composting toilets
4A.9 Case studies on composting toilets
4A.10 Barriers to use of composting toilets in urban areas
4A.11 Conclusions
4B Evaluation of composting as a human waste management alternative in urban areas
4B.1 Introduction
4B.2 Objective
4B.3 Hypothesis
4B.4 Methods
4B.4.1 Case study area
4B.4.2 Scenarios
4B.4.3 System boundaries
4B.4.3.1 Conventional sanitation scenario (CSS)
4B.4.3.2 Composting Scenarios
4B.4.4 LCA data
4B.4.4.1 Conventional Sanitation Scenario (CSS)
4B.4.4.2 Composting Scenarios
4B.5 Results
4B.5.1 Energy use
4B.5.1.1 Manufacturing energy
4B.5.1.2 Operational energy
4B.5.1.3 End of use energy
4B.5.2 Emissions
4B.5.2.1 Manufacturing emissions
4B.5.2.2 Operational emissions
4B.5.2.3 End of life emissions
4B.6 Conclusions
5 Dissertation conclusions
6 Future recommendations from this dissertation
References Bài viết liên quan
